Mechanisms of Action of Brahmi Ghrita in Depressive Disorder: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Background: Brahmi Ghrita is a classical Ayurvedic medhya rasayana used to enhance cognition, emotional balance, and mental health. It is formulated with Brahmi, Kushta, Vacha, and Shankhapushpi in a ghrita base and is used in depressive disorders. By pacifying vitiated Vata and Pitta doshas, Brahmi Ghrita exerts a calming effect on the mind, reduces anxiety and stress, enhances sattva guna, and supports emotional stability. Its cognitive-enhancing properties address deficits in attention, memory, and executive functioning associated with depression. The ghrita base acts as a yogavahi, improving bioavailability and facilitating the delivery of bioactive compounds across the blood-brain barrier while supporting neuroendocrine balance.

Objectives: The study aims to explore the pharmacological properties and mechanisms of action of the individual ingredients of Brahmi Ghrita, focusing on their neuroprotective and psychotropic effects, and to elucidate the formulation’s role in the management of depressive disorders. Materials and methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed and Web of Science to evaluate the individual and synergistic antidepressant actions of the ingredients. Results: Brahmi Ghrita, characterized by tikta, katu, and kashaya rasa, ushna virya, and katu vipaka, exhibits significant vata-kaphahara activity. Brahmi modulates neurotransmitters and enhances BDNF expression; Kushta provides anti-inflammatory and adaptogen effects; Vacha acts as a nervine stimulant improving cognition and motivation; and Shankhapushpi offers anxiolytic and mood-stabilizing effects. The ghrita base enhances sustained central nervous system action.

Conclusion: Through complementary neuropharmacological mechanisms, Brahmi Ghrita effectively addresses neurochemical, inflammatory, and cognitive disturbances underlying depressive disorders.